Fig. 2

Pipeline of the general processing steps for radiogenomic studies. A typical radiogenomic analysis is usually conducted in four steps: (1) radiomic feature extraction and selection; (2) biopsy and RNA sequencing; (3) radiogenomics analysis and pathway identification; and (4) external validation. First, optimal MRI radiomic features are screened out to predict overall survival. Then, survival-relevant radiomic features are linked with co-expressed gene modules obtained by RNA sequencing. Furthermore, relevant pathways and key genes are identified to be able to annotate prognostic radiomic features. Finally, the reproducibility of prognostic radiomic-annotated pathways and key genes are validated in an external dataset