Renal protection CT protocol using low-dose and low-concentration iodine contrast medium in at-risk patients of HCC and with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial

Table 1 Demographic characteristics

	Standard group	Renal protection protocol group	P-value
Sex Male: female	19:6	24:3	0.224
Age (years)	73 ± 8.6	71 ± 9.9	0.438
Weight (kg)	64.7 ± 9.8 (51, 93)	68.6 ± 10.2 (52, 97)	0.178
Body mass index (kg/m²)	25.3 ± 4.1 (19.2, 35.4)	25.3 ± 3.1 (18.7, 34)	0.942
Underlying disease			0.076
CHB CHC Alcoholic LC Cryptogenic LC NASH-LC	80 (20) 8 (2) 8 (2) 0 (0) 4 (1)	51.9 (14) 11.1 (3) 18.5 (5) 18.5 (5) 0 (0)	0.076
Comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Coronary disease Stroke Non-HCC malignancy	40 (10) 32 (8) 8 (2) 4 (1) 36 (9)	44.4 (12) 22.2 (6) 3.7 (1) 3.7 (1) 11.1 (3)	0.918 0.432 0.511 0.956 0.035
Medications
ACE inhibitor or ARB Beta-blocker Diuretic Immunosuppressant NSAID	48 (12) 32 (8) 24 (6) 4 (1) 20 (5)	40.7 (11) 22.2 (6) 18.5 (5) 7.4 (2) 14.8 (4)	0.602 0.432 0.632 0.602 0.625
Child-Pugh class
CLD or class A Class B or C	76 (19) 24 (6)	81.5 (22) 18.5 (5)	0.881
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	50.14 ± 6.6 (34.6, 59.4)	49.12 ± 7.14 (30.2, 59.2)	0.593
Serum creatinine	1.34 ± 0.24 (0.94, 1.98)	1.37 ± 0.33 (0.70, 2.40)	0.790
CM amount (mL)^†	96.8 ± 13.7 (77, 130)	64.6 ± 9.5 (49, 91)	< 0.001
Iodine load (mg/kg)^†	524.0 ± 7.37 (489.3*, 528.4)	301.5 ± 1.71 (298, 306.6)	< 0.001
DLP (mGy∙cm)	893.9 ± 197.1 (690.4, 1455.1)	929.7 ± 217.2 (704.7, 1782.7)	0.538

Note: Values are given as number (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation (range). ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker, CHB = chronic hepatitis B, CHC = chronic hepatitis C, CLD = chronic liver disease, CM = contrast medium, DLP = dose-length product, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma, LC = liver cirrhosis, NASH = non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
P-value < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference between the two groups
*In one participant, the estimated CM amount (140 mL) exceeded 1 vial of CM (130 mL), and only one vial was administered per study protocol
^†We administered CM with different iodine concentrations: 350 mgI/mL for the standard group and 320 mgI/mL for the RPP group

ISSN: 1470-7330