Fig. 3

The receiver operating characteristic curves of the clinical factor model, the radiomics signature model, and radiomics nomogram model in the training (a), validation (b) and external test (c) sets, respectively. In training set, the AUC values of radiomics nomogram was higher than radiomics signature (0.856 vs. 0.847, p = 0.342) and clinical factor model (0.856 vs. 0.715, p = 0.046). The AUC values of the radiomics nomogram (0.853 and 0.762, respectively) was significantly higher than that of the clinical factor model (0.692 and 0.540, respectively) in both the validation (p = 0.048) and external test (p < 0.001) sets