Fig. 1

Axial CT images of a 56-year-old woman with a mass in the right lower lobe, who received pleural anesthesia. a. The coaxial needle entered the extra-thoracic muscle according to the given direction and angle. b. After injecting a small amount of anesthetic, CT was taken to confirm the position. Accumulation of anesthetic and incidental air bubbles is noted in the extra-pleural space. c. The coaxial introducer passed through the pleural and was further advanced to place the tip in the target lesion. The patient complained of mild pain (pain score 2).