Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the training and validation cohorts
Variables | All patients (n = 605) | Training cohort (n = 360) | Internal validation cohort (n = 124) | External validation cohort (n = 121) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 55.0 ± 11.9 | 55.06 ± 12.2 | 55.5 ± 11.6 | 54.5 ± 11.3 |
Sex (male) | 548 (90.6) | 330 (91.7) | 107 (86.3) | 111 (91.7) |
HBV + | 530 (87.6) | 306 (85.0) | 107 (86.3) | 112 (92.6) |
BCLC stage | ||||
 A | 67 (11.1) | 36 (10.0) | 16 (12.9) | 15 (12.4) |
 B | 538 (88.9) | 324 (90.0) | 108 (87.1) | 106 (87.6) |
Child-Pugh score | ||||
 5 | 437 (72.2) | 263 (73.1) | 100 (80.6) | 74 (61.2) |
 6 | 106 (17.5) | 62 (17.2) | 15 (12.1) | 29 (24.0) |
 7 | 38 (6.3) | 21 (5.8) | 8 (6.5) | 9 (7.4) |
 8 | 17 (2.8) | 10 (2.8) | 2 (1.6) | 7 (5.8) |
 9 | 7 (1.2) | 4 (1.1) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.7) |
Ascites | 43 (7.1) | 24 (6.7) | 7 (5.6) | 12 (9.9) |
PT (s) | 12.8 ± 5.9 | 13.1 ± 7.6 | 12.3 ± 1.3 | 12.5 ± 1.6 |
TBIL (μmol/L) | 18.6 ± 16.6 | 19.1 ± 18.6 | 16.7 ± 8.7 | 17.5 ± 13.4 |
ALB (g/L) | 40.7 ± 23.9 | 41.8 ± 30.7 | 40.2 ± 4.7 | 38.0 ± 5.3 |
AST (≥40, IU/L) | 351 (58.0) | 230 (63.9) | 69 (55.6) | 52 (43.0) |
ALT (≥40, IU/L) | 311 (51.4) | 198 (55.0) | 69 (55.6) | 44 (36.4) |
CRP (≥1, mg/L) | 313 (86.9) | 313 (86.9) | 108 (87.1) | 96 (79.3) |
AFP (≥200, ng/ml) | 267 (44.1) | 172 (47.8) | 51 (41.1) | 44 (36.4) |
Treatment response | ||||
 Responders | 335 (55.4) | 176 (48.9) | 69 (55.6) | 90 (74.4) |
 Non-responders | 270 (44.6) | 184 (51.1) | 55 (44.4) | 31 (25.6) |
Combined with other treatment (yes) | 388 (64.1) | 237 (65.8) | 81 (65.3) | 70 (57.9) |
Rounds of TACE (≥2) | 523 (86.4) | 320 (88.9) | 104 (83.9) | 99 (81.8) |