Fig. 4

a and b. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) binary logistic regression model for feature selection. The features retained were introduced into the LASSO regression model. First, a 10-fold cross-validation method was used to screen the LASSO regression model hyperparameter (λ) to select the model with the smallest error (λ). A vertical line was drawn at the selected value using 10-fold cross-validation, where optimal λ resulted in seven non-zero coefficients