Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: value of volumetric iodine quantification using preoperative dual-energy computed tomography

Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics of the patients

Characteristics	MVI (−) (n = 22, %)	MVI (+) (n = 14, %)	P-value**
Age (years)
Median (range)	61.5 (35–74)	56.5 (46–73)	0.4
Sex
Men	14 (63.6)	10 (71.4)	0.6
Women	8 (36.4)	4 (28.6)	0.6
Staging of hepatic fibrosis^a
0	1	0	0.6
1	1	1
2	5	3
3	6	3
4	9	7
Underlying liver disease
Hepatitis B	16 (72.7)	12 (85.7)	0.4
Hepatitis C	2 (9.1)	2 (14.3)
Alcoholism	2 (9.1)	0 (0)
Non B Non C	2 (9.1)	0 (0)
Edmondson-Steiner grade of HCC
I	7	1	0.06
II	12	7
III	3	6
AFP level (ng/ml)
Median (range)	3.02 (0.9–1387.3)	8.89 (2.11–2022.37)	0.03
PIVKA-II level (mAU/ml)
Median (range)	32 (16–827)	66 (0.74–6168)	0.09

Abbreviations: MVI microvascular invasion, AFP Alpha-fetoprotein, PIVKA-II Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II, SD standard deviation
^aA staging system for chronic hepatitis by the Korean Study Group for the Pathology of Digestive Diseases was used (0, no fibrosis; 1, portal fibrosis; 2, periportal fibrosis, 3, septal fibrosis; 4, cirrhosis)
** Continuous data were assessed using Mann-Whitney test while categorical variables were analyzed using chi square test. Staging of hepatic fibrosis, underlying liver disease, Edmondson-Steiner grade of HCC were compared as follows; stage 4 vs. stage 0–3, hepatitis B vs. others, grade III vs. grade I-II

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