Variables | Training cohort (n = 108) | Validation cohort (n = 47) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | |||
 Age, mean ± SD, years | 50.06 ± 11.44 | 51.02 ± 11.96 | 0.159 |
 Gender |  |  | 0.257 |
  Female | 22 | 9 |  |
  Male | 86 | 38 |  |
 Recurrence rate (%) | 48.15 | 48.94 | 0.474 |
 Child-Pugh score |  |  | 0.000 |
  A | 107 | 47 |  |
  B | 1 | 0 |  |
 Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage |  |  | 0.146 |
  0 | 8 (7.5%) | 5 (10.6%) |  |
  A | 26 (24.0%) | 8 (17.0%) |  |
  B | 49 (45.4%) | 19 (40.4%) |  |
  C | 25 (23.1%) | 15 (32.0%) |  |
 AFP (ng/ml) |  |  | 0.999 |
   ≤ 400 | 60 | 26 |  |
   > 400 | 48 | 21 |  |
 CEA (ng/ml) |  |  | 0.832 |
   ≤ 3.4 | 85 | 40 |  |
   > 3.4 | 23 | 7 |  |
 CA19–9 (ng/ml) |  |  | 0.967 |
   ≤ 22 | 62 | 29 |  |
   > 22 | 46 | 18 |  |
 HBV-DNA (IU/ml) |  |  | 0.778 |
   ≤ 100 | 44 | 15 |  |
   > 100 | 64 | 32 |  |
 HBsAg |  |  | 0.999 |
  Positive | 92 | 40 |  |
  Negative | 16 | 7 |  |
 ALT (IU/l) |  |  | 0.988 |
   ≤ 50 | 61 | 27 |  |
   > 50 | 47 | 20 |  |
 AST (IU/l) |  |  | 0.850 |
   ≤ 35 | 53 | 22 |  |
   > 35 | 55 | 25 |  |
 TBIL (μmol/l) |  |  | 0.639 |
   ≤ 17.1 | 100 | 46 |  |
   > 17.1 | 8 | 1 |  |
 DBIL (μmol/l) |  |  | 0.997 |
   ≤ 8.8 | 83 | 36 |  |
   > 8.8 | 25 | 11 |  |
 IBIL (μmol/l) |  |  | 0.996 |
   ≤ 20 | 102 | 45 |  |
   > 20 | 6 | 2 |  |
 ALB (g/l) |  |  | 0.611 |
   < 45 | 90 | 43 |  |
   > 45 | 18 | 4 |  |
 PT (s) |  |  | 0.179 |
   < 9.6 or > 12.8 | 29 | 11 |  |
  9.6–12.8 | 79 | 36 |  |
 PLT (× 10^9/l) |  |  | 0.991 |
   ≤ 100 | 85 | 38 |  |
   > 100 | 23 | 9 |  |
Qualitative imaging findings | |||
 Signal on HBP images, mean ± SD | 211.23 ± 82.49 | 182.95 ± 77.87 | 0.051 |
 Tumour size |  |  | 0.267 |
   ≤ 5 cm | 53 (49.1%) | 15 (31.9%) |  |
   > 5 cm | 55 (50.9%) | 32 (68.1%) |  |
 Multifocality |  |  | 0.816 |
  Present | 35 (32.4%) | 19 (40.4%) |  |
  Absent | 73 (67.6%) | 28 (59.6%) |  |
 Tumour margin |  |  | 0.999 |
  Smooth | 43 (39.8%) | 19 (40.4%) |  |
  Non-smooth | 65 (60.2%) | 28 (59.6%) |  |
 Gross vascular invasion |  |  | 0.117 |
  Present | 37 (34.3%) | 25 (53.2%) |  |
  Absent | 71 (65.7%) | 22 (46.8%) |  |
 Radiologic capsule |  |  | 0.839 |
  Present | 80 (74.1%) | 38 (80.8%) |  |
  Absent | 28 (25.9%) | 9 (19.2%) |  |
 Peritumoural enhancement |  |  | 0.978 |
  Present | 51 (47.2%) | 21 (44.7%) |  |
  Absent | 55 (52.8%) | 26 (55.3%) |  |
 Peritumoural hypointensity on HBP images |  |  | 0.999 |
  Present | 61 (56.5%) | 27 (57.5%) |  |
  Absent | 47 (43.5%) | 20 (42.5%) |  |