Table 1 Clinical factors, CT features, and SUV_max of the patients in the training cohort

Sex, male [n, (%)]

19 (40.4%)

55 (29.7%)

1.974

0.160

Age [year, M (Q₁, Q₃)]

64 (58,69)

62 (54,66)

−2.611

0.009^*

Age ≥ 56 years

42 (89.4%)

132 (71.4%)

6.484

0.013^*

CEA [ng/ml, M (Q₁, Q₃)]

2.20 (1.45, 3.07)

1.98 (1.17, 3.05)

−0.903

0.368

CEA > 3.4 ng/ml

9 (19.1%)

35 (41.2%)

0.001

0.971

Localization—lung (left)

20 (42.6%)

72 (38.9%)

0.207

0.649

CT long diameter [mm, M (Q₁, Q₃)]

24.00 (17.70, 30.60)

21.20 (15.50, 28.75)

−1.396

0.163

Lesion density subtype

38.601

< 0.001^**

 pure ground-glass

3 (6.4%)

52 (28.1%)

 part-solid

12 (25.5%)

93 (50.3%)

 solid

32 (68.1%)

40 (21.6%)

Lobulation

43 (91.5%)

155 (83.8%)

1.779

0.182

Spiculation

28 (59.6%)

55 (29.7%)

14.529

< 0.001^**

Satellite

2 (4.3%)

3 (0.02%)

0.300

0.584

Air bronchogram

24 (51.1%)

86 (46.5%)

0.315

0.575

Vessel convergence

30 (63.8%)

111 (60.0%)

0.231

0.631

Bronchial truncation

13 (27.7%)

18 (9.7%)

10.408

0.001^*

SUV_max [g/ml, M (Q₁, Q₃)]

3.20 (2.04, 7.82)

1.56 (0.99, 2.36)

−5.579

< 0.001^**

SUV_max ≥ 2.5 g/ml

32 (68.1%)

43 (23.2%)

34.448

< 0.001^**