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Table 3 Image defined risk factors [12]

From: Neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma: a radiological review

Risk factor

Description

Ipsilateral tumour extension within two body compartments

•Neck-chest

•Chest-abdomen

•Abdomen-pelvis

Neck

•Tumour encasing carotid and/or vertebral artery and/or internal jugular vein

•Tumour extending to base of skull

•Tumour compressing the trachea

Cervico-thoracic junction

•Tumour encasing brachial plexus roots

•Tumour encasing subclavian vessels and/or vertebral and/or carotid artery

•Tumour compressing the trachea

Thorax

•Tumour encasing the aorta and/or major branches

•Tumour compressing the trachea and/or principal bronchi

•Lower mediastinal tumour, infiltrating the costo-vertebral junction between T9 and T12

Thoraco-abdominal

•Tumour encasing the aorta and/or vena cava

Abdomen/pelvis

•Tumour infiltrating the porta hepatis and/or the hepatoduodenal ligament

•Tumour encasing branches of the superior mesenteric artery at the mesenteric root

•Tumour encasing the origin of the coeliac axis, and/or of the superior mesenteric artery

•Tumour invading one or both renal pedicles

•Tumour encasing the aorta and/or vena cava

•Tumour encasing the iliac vessels

•Pelvic tumour crossing the sciatic notch

Intraspinal tumour extension whatever the location provided that:

•More than one third of the spinal canal in the axial plane is invaded and/or the perimedullary leptomeningeal spaces are not visible and/or the spinal cord signal is abnormal

Infiltration of adjacent organs/structures

•Pericardium

•Diaphragm

•Kidney

•Liver

•Duodeno-pancreatic block

•Mesentery

Conditions to be recorded, but not considered IDRFs

•Multifocal primary tumours

•Pleural effusion, with or without malignant cells

•Ascites, with or without malignant cells